t, MySQL - rextester

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#mysql 5.7.12
#please drop objects you've created at the end of the script 
#or check for their existance before creating

drop table if exists `work`;

CREATE TABLE `work`
    (`id` int, `date` date, `order` int, `operator` int, `duration` int)
;
    
INSERT INTO `work`
    (`id`, `date`, `order`, `operator`, `duration`)
VALUES
    (37, '2016-07-12', 27, 1, 180),
    (38, '2016-07-12', 28, 3, 390),
    (39, '2016-07-12', 27, 1, 480),
    (40, '2016-07-04', 21, 2, 120),
    (41, '2016-07-07', 27, 1, 90),
    (42, '2016-07-07', 27, 1, 150)
;

SELECT CURDATE(),
       SUM(CASE WHEN CURDATE()                  = `date` THEN `duration` ELSE 0 END) as today    ,    
       SUM(CASE WHEN CURDATE() - INTERVAL 1 DAY = `date` THEN `duration` ELSE 0 END) as yesterday,
       SUM(CASE WHEN CURDATE() - INTERVAL 2 DAY = `date` THEN `duration` ELSE 0 END) as `today - 2`,
       SUM(CASE WHEN CURDATE() - INTERVAL 3 DAY = `date` THEN `duration` ELSE 0 END) as `today - 3`, 
       SUM(CASE WHEN CURDATE() - INTERVAL 4 DAY = `date` THEN `duration` ELSE 0 END) as `today - 4`,
       SUM(CASE WHEN CURDATE() - INTERVAL 5 DAY = `date` THEN `duration` ELSE 0 END) as `today - 5`,
       SUM(CASE WHEN CURDATE() - INTERVAL 6 DAY = `date` THEN `duration` ELSE 0 END) as `today - 6`
FROM `work`
where operator = 1


absolute service time: 0,36 sec