asda, Sql Server - rextester

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CREATE TABLE Control
    ([UniqueId] int, [Meal] varchar(10), [VDate] datetime, [VeganOption] int);

INSERT INTO Control ([UniqueId], [Meal], [VDate], [VeganOption])
VALUES
('1', 'Breakfast',' 2018-08-01 00:00:00', 1),
('2', 'Lunch',' 2018-08-01 00:00:00', 1),
('3', 'Dinner',' 2018-08-01 00:00:00', 1),
('4', 'Breakfast',' 2018-08-02 00:00:00', 1),
('5', 'Lunch',' 2018-08-02 00:00:00', 0),
('6', 'Dinner',' 2018-08-02 00:00:00', 0),
('7', 'Breakfast',' 2018-08-03 00:00:00', 1),
('8', 'Lunch',' 2018-08-03 00:00:00', 1),
('9', 'Dinner',' 2018-08-03 00:00:00', 1),
('10', 'Breakfast',' 2018-08-04 00:00:00', 0),
('11', 'Lunch',' 2018-08-04 00:00:00', 1),
('12', 'Dinner',' 2018-08-04 00:00:00', 1)
;

WITH cte AS (
SELECT [UniqueId]
      ,[Meal]
      ,[VDate]
      ,[VeganOption]
      ,sum(CASE WHEN VeganOption = 1 THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) over (order by [UniqueId]) AS grp
FROM [Control]
)
SELECT *,CASE WHEN VeganOption =0 THEN 0
   ELSE ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY veganOption, grp ORDER BY  [UniqueId])
     END AS VeganStreak
FROM cte
order by [UniqueId]

View schema
Execution time: 0,02 sec, rows selected: 12, rows affected: 12, absolute service time: 0,17 sec